External validity is the extent to which the conclusions of a study can be generalised to a wider population. Internal validity is the extent to which the design and execution of the design are free from bias. In quantitative research, there are two key types of validity: internal validity and external validity. Validity refers to how sure one can be that the conclusions of a study are accurate and how much these conclusions can be used in contexts outside of the study. When assessing the quality of quantitative research, the most commonly considered concept is the validity of the research. Therefore, this section will explain the concepts applied to these two types of research separately. The way quality is assessed in quantitative and qualitative research differs. However, this last section will focus on the concepts of some measures of quality in research (such as validity, reliability, generalisability and applicability). There are lots of different considerations that can be taken into account when looking at research evidence. For example, an individual reading a piece of research might wonder to themselves whether they can trust the research results and whether they can apply the findings to a different context. Using research evidence to form opinions or scrutinise decisions requires knowledge about how to interpret it.
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